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rbtree: initial implementation
This commit is contained in:
Matheus
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
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#ifndef _RBTREE_H
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#define _RBTREE_H
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typedef struct rbtree_t {
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struct rbtree_t *left, *right, *parent;
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} rbtree_t;
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// return -1 when a < b
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// return 0 when a = b
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// return 1 when a > b
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typedef int (*rbtree_compare_fn_t)(rbtree_t *a, rbtree_t *b);
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typedef int (*rbtree_value_compare_fn_t)(void *a, rbtree_t *b);
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typedef void (*rbtree_print_fn_t)(rbtree_t *node);
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rbtree_t *rbtree_lookup(rbtree_t *rbtree, void *key, rbtree_value_compare_fn_t compare_fn);
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void rbtree_insert(rbtree_t **rbtreep, rbtree_t *node, rbtree_compare_fn_t compare_fn);
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void rbtree_remove(rbtree_t **rbtreep, rbtree_t *node);
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void rbtree_check(rbtree_t *rbtree);
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void rbtree_print(rbtree_t *rbtree, rbtree_print_fn_t print_fn);
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rbtree_t *rbtree_first(rbtree_t *rbtree);
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rbtree_t *rbtree_last(rbtree_t *rbtree);
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rbtree_t *rbtree_successor(rbtree_t *node);
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rbtree_t *rbtree_predecessor(rbtree_t *node);
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#endif
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@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
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#include <rbtree.h>
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#include <stddef.h>
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#include <stdint.h>
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#include <logging.h>
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#define RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK 0
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#define RBTREE_COLOUR_RED 1
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// helper macros as the least significant bit of the parent pointer is used for the colour
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#define RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(x) ((rbtree_t *)((uintptr_t)(x)->parent & ~1lu))
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#define RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(x) ((x) == NULL ? RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK : ((uintptr_t)(x)->parent & 1))
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#define RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(x, c) ((x)->parent = (rbtree_t *)((uintptr_t)RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(x) | (c)))
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#define RBTREE_NODE_SET_PARENT(x, p) ((x)->parent = (rbtree_t *)((uintptr_t)(p) | RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(x)))
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#define RBTREE_CONSTRUCT_PARENT(x, c) ((rbtree_t *)((uintptr_t)(x) | (c)))
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static void rotate_right(rbtree_t **rootp, rbtree_t *node) {
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/* G G
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// | |
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// P -> N
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// / \ / \
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// N 3 1 P
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// / \ / \
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// 1 2 2 3
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*/
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rbtree_t *parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
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rbtree_t *grand_parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(parent);
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// N
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if (grand_parent == NULL)
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*rootp = node;
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else if (grand_parent->left == parent)
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grand_parent->left = node;
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else
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grand_parent->right = node;
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_PARENT(node, grand_parent);
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// P
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rbtree_t *node_right_subtree = node->right;
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node->right = parent;
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_PARENT(parent, node);
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// 2
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parent->left = node_right_subtree;
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if (node_right_subtree)
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_PARENT(node_right_subtree, parent);
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}
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static void rotate_left(rbtree_t **rootp, rbtree_t *node) {
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/* G G
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// | |
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// P N
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// / \ -> / \
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// 1 N P 3
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// / \ / \
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// 2 3 1 2
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*/
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rbtree_t *parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
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rbtree_t *grand_parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(parent);
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// N
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if (grand_parent == NULL)
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*rootp = node;
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else if (grand_parent->left == parent)
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grand_parent->left = node;
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else
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grand_parent->right = node;
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_PARENT(node, grand_parent);
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// P
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rbtree_t *node_left_subtree = node->left;
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node->left = parent;
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_PARENT(parent, node);
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// 2
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parent->right = node_left_subtree;
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if (node_left_subtree)
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_PARENT(node_left_subtree, parent);
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}
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rbtree_t *rbtree_lookup(rbtree_t *rbtree, void *key, rbtree_value_compare_fn_t compare_fn) {
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for (;;) {
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if (rbtree == NULL)
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return NULL;
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int comparison = compare_fn(key, rbtree);
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if (comparison == 0)
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return rbtree;
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rbtree = comparison > 0 ? rbtree->right : rbtree->left;
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}
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}
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void rbtree_insert(rbtree_t **rbtreep, rbtree_t *node, rbtree_compare_fn_t compare_fn) {
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rbtree_t *rbtree = *rbtreep;
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if (rbtree == NULL) {
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*rbtreep = node;
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node->right = node->left = node->parent = NULL; // NULL implicitly sets to black
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return;
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}
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// find last node
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int comparison;
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rbtree_t **next;
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for (;;) {
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comparison = compare_fn(node, rbtree);
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__assert(comparison); // no duplicates, please
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next = comparison > 0 ? &rbtree->right : &rbtree->left;
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if (*next == NULL)
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break;
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rbtree = *next;
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}
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// set tree pointers
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*next = node;
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node->right = NULL;
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node->left = NULL;
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node->parent = RBTREE_CONSTRUCT_PARENT(rbtree, RBTREE_COLOUR_RED); // all inserted nodes are red
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// parent is red, iterate up the tree to fix any property 3 violations we find
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// node now means the node whose parent we are checking for a property 3 violation
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rbtree_t *parent, *grand_parent, *uncle;
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for (;;) {
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parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
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// check for property 3 violation (red parent and red child)
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if (RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(parent) == RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK)
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return; // no violation, stop here
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grand_parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(parent);
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__assert(grand_parent); // we will not have red roots in this red-black tree implementation
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uncle = grand_parent->left == parent ? grand_parent->right : grand_parent->left;
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// if the uncle is black, we can leave the loop as there are no more checks needed in this case
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if (RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(uncle) == RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK)
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break;
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// uncle is red, recolour the tree such as:
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// parent = black, grandparent = red, uncle = black
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// and go up for another violation check, as changing the grandparent to red might have
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// violated it again
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(parent, RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK);
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(uncle, RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK);
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// SPECIAL CASE: if grandparent is root, do nothing. we always want the root to be black.
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if (RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(grand_parent))
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(grand_parent, RBTREE_COLOUR_RED);
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node = grand_parent;
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}
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// black uncle, we have to do a rotation in order to be able to recolour it
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/* if grandparent -> parent and parent -> child are in opposite directions,
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// we will have to do an extra rotation to straighten it out first
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// Left rotation: Right rotation:
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// G G G G
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// / \ / \ / \ / \
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// P U -> N U U P -> U N
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// \ / / \
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// N P N P
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*/
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if (grand_parent->left == parent && parent->right == node) {
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rotate_left(rbtreep, node);
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node = parent;
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parent = grand_parent->left;
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} else if (grand_parent->right == parent && parent->left == node) {
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rotate_right(rbtreep, node);
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node = parent;
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parent = grand_parent->right;
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}
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/* now, we have to do a rotation so that we can recolour the nodes without
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// breaking any properties of the tree
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// G P G P
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// / \ / \ / \ / \
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// P U -> N G OR U P -> G N
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// / \ \ /
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// N U N U
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*/
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if (grand_parent->left == parent)
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rotate_right(rbtreep, parent);
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else
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rotate_left(rbtreep, parent);
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/* finally, recolour the nodes:
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// R B R B
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// / \ / \ / \ / \
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// R B -> R R OR B R -> R R
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// \ \ / /
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// B B B B
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*/
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// same operation on both cases
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(parent, RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK);
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(grand_parent, RBTREE_COLOUR_RED);
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// no need to change node or uncle colour
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}
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void rbtree_check(rbtree_t *rbtree) {
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if (rbtree == NULL)
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return;
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// check that the root is black (always will be in this implementation)
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rbtree_t *parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(rbtree);
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__assert(parent || RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(rbtree) == RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK);
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// perform a preorder transversal and ensure the properties are followed
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rbtree_t *node = rbtree;
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int leaf_black_count = 0;
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int current_black_count = 0;
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int count_blacks = 1;
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int last_direction = 0; // 1 = left, 2 = right
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int going_up = 0;
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for (;;) {
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int node_colour = RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(node);
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if (node_colour == RBTREE_COLOUR_RED) {
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__assert(RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(parent) != RBTREE_COLOUR_RED);
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} else if (!going_up) {
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++current_black_count;
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leaf_black_count += count_blacks;
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}
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if (node == NULL) {
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__assert(going_up == 0);
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// this is a NULL node, do nescessary checks and go up
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count_blacks = 0;
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__assert(current_black_count == leaf_black_count);
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--current_black_count;
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node = parent;
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parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
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going_up = 1;
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} else if (going_up && last_direction == 1) {
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// we have gone up from the left node
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// go to the right
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last_direction = 2;
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parent = node;
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node = node->right;
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going_up = 0;
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} else if (going_up && last_direction == 2) {
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// we have gone up from the right
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// go up again
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if (parent == NULL)
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break; // end of tree
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if (node_colour == RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK)
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--current_black_count;
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last_direction = parent->left == node ? 1 : 2;
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node = parent;
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parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(parent);
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} else {
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// we have gone down, go to the left
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last_direction = 1;
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parent = node;
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node = node->left;
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}
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}
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}
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rbtree_t *rbtree_first(rbtree_t *rbtree) {
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while (rbtree->left)
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rbtree = rbtree->left;
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return rbtree;
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}
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rbtree_t *rbtree_last(rbtree_t *rbtree) {
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while (rbtree->right)
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rbtree = rbtree->right;
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return rbtree;
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}
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rbtree_t *rbtree_successor(rbtree_t *node) {
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rbtree_t *iterator = node->right;
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if (iterator == NULL) {
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// no right, go up until we leave a left node
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iterator = node;
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rbtree_t *parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
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while (parent) {
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if (parent->left == iterator && parent->right)
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break;
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iterator = parent;
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parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(iterator);
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}
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if (parent == NULL)
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return NULL;
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iterator = parent->right;
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}
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// we have gone right, go all the way down left
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while (iterator->left != NULL)
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iterator = iterator->left;
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return iterator;
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}
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rbtree_t *rbtree_predecessor(rbtree_t *node) {
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rbtree_t *iterator = node->left;
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if (iterator == NULL) {
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// no left, go up until we leave a right node
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iterator = node;
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rbtree_t *parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
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while (parent) {
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if (parent->right == iterator && parent->left)
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break;
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iterator = parent;
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parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(iterator);
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}
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if (parent == NULL)
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return NULL;
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iterator = parent->left;
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}
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// we have gone right, go all the way down left
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while (iterator->right != NULL)
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iterator = iterator->right;
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return iterator;
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}
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static void rbtree_remove_leaf(rbtree_t **rbtreep, rbtree_t *node) {
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rbtree_t *og_node = node;
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if (*rbtreep == node) {
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// if root, set root to null
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*rbtreep = NULL;
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return;
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}
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if (RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(node) == RBTREE_COLOUR_RED) {
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// if red there is no rebalancing needed, just remove it
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goto do_remove;
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}
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rbtree_t *parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
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// black leaf node
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rbtree_t *sibling;
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for (;;) {
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if (parent == NULL)
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goto do_remove;
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sibling = parent->left == node ? parent->right : parent->left;
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// the only case where we have to loop upwards is when everyone is black
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if (RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(parent) == RBTREE_COLOUR_RED ||
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RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(sibling) == RBTREE_COLOUR_RED ||
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RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(sibling->left) == RBTREE_COLOUR_RED ||
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RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(sibling->right) == RBTREE_COLOUR_RED)
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break;
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// colour the sibling red and move upwards
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(sibling, RBTREE_COLOUR_RED);
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node = parent;
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parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
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}
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// red sibling, do a rotation so that the sibling is now the grandparent
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// and switch the colours of the sibling and parent
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// P S | R B
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// / \ / | / /
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// N S -> P | B -> R
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// / | / /
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// N | B B
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if (RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(sibling) == RBTREE_COLOUR_RED) {
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// set parent to red and sibling to black
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(parent, RBTREE_COLOUR_RED);
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(sibling, RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK);
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// rotate
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if (parent->left == sibling) {
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rotate_right(rbtreep, sibling);
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sibling = parent->left;
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} else {
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rotate_left(rbtreep, sibling);
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sibling = parent->right;
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}
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}
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/* if all of the sibling nodes are black and parent is red, we can
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// recolour the tree so that the imbalance in black paths is fixed
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// Example:
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// R B
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// / \ / \
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// B B -> B R
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// / \ / \
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// B B B B
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*/
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if (RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(parent) == RBTREE_COLOUR_RED &&
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RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(sibling) == RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK &&
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RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(sibling->left) == RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK &&
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RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(sibling->right) == RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK
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) {
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(parent, RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK);
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RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(sibling, RBTREE_COLOUR_RED);
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goto do_remove;
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}
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rbtree_t *close_nephew, *far_nephew;
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if (parent->right == sibling) {
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close_nephew = sibling->left;
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far_nephew = sibling->right;
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} else {
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close_nephew = sibling->right;
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far_nephew = sibling->left;
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}
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/* if the nearest nephew is red and the farthest is black, rotate it into the new sibling
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// and exchange the colour between it and the old sibling
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// example:
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//
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// P P | X X
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||||
// / \ / \ | / \ / \
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||||
// N S N C | B R B B
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||||
// / \ -> \ | \ -> \
|
||||
// C F S | B R
|
||||
// \ | \ \
|
||||
// F | B B
|
||||
*/
|
||||
if (RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(close_nephew) == RBTREE_COLOUR_RED && RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(far_nephew) == RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK) {
|
||||
// do rotation
|
||||
if (close_nephew == sibling->left)
|
||||
rotate_right(rbtreep, close_nephew);
|
||||
else
|
||||
rotate_left(rbtreep, close_nephew);
|
||||
|
||||
// update for next step
|
||||
far_nephew = sibling;
|
||||
sibling = close_nephew;
|
||||
|
||||
// recolour
|
||||
RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(far_nephew, RBTREE_COLOUR_RED);
|
||||
RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(sibling, RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* in this case, the closest nephew is black and the distant nephew is red.
|
||||
// there is no need to check for this, as the result of the last operation, if it happened, guarantees it.
|
||||
// we need to rotate such that the sibling becomes the new grandparent and recolour such that:
|
||||
// sibling -> parent's colour
|
||||
// parent -> black
|
||||
// farthest nephew -> black
|
||||
// example:
|
||||
// P S | B X
|
||||
// / \ / \ | / \ / \
|
||||
// N S -> P F | X R -> B B
|
||||
// / \ / \ | / \ / \
|
||||
// C F N C | B B B B
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
if (parent->right == sibling)
|
||||
rotate_left(rbtreep, sibling);
|
||||
else
|
||||
rotate_right(rbtreep, sibling);
|
||||
|
||||
RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(sibling, RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(parent));
|
||||
RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(parent, RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK);
|
||||
RBTREE_NODE_SET_COLOUR(far_nephew, RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK);
|
||||
|
||||
do_remove:
|
||||
// do the actual removal of the node
|
||||
parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(og_node);
|
||||
if (parent->left == og_node)
|
||||
parent->left = NULL;
|
||||
else
|
||||
parent->right = NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void rbtree_remove(rbtree_t **rbtreep, rbtree_t *node) {
|
||||
if (node->left == NULL && node->right == NULL) {
|
||||
// leaf node?
|
||||
rbtree_remove_leaf(rbtreep, node);
|
||||
return;
|
||||
} else if (!(node->left && node->right)) {
|
||||
// has one child
|
||||
// replace it with the child and colour the child black
|
||||
|
||||
rbtree_t *parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
|
||||
rbtree_t *child = node->left ? node->left : node->right;
|
||||
if (parent == NULL)
|
||||
*rbtreep = child;
|
||||
else if (parent->left == node)
|
||||
parent->left = child;
|
||||
else
|
||||
parent->right = child;
|
||||
|
||||
child->parent = RBTREE_CONSTRUCT_PARENT(parent, RBTREE_COLOUR_BLACK);
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// two children
|
||||
// swap itself with its successor and delete it again
|
||||
// doing this guarantees that it will only have, at most, one child when deleted again
|
||||
rbtree_t *succ = rbtree_successor(node);
|
||||
rbtree_t *succ_parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(succ);
|
||||
rbtree_t *parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
|
||||
|
||||
// set the successor in place
|
||||
if (parent == NULL) {
|
||||
// root
|
||||
*rbtreep = succ;
|
||||
} else if (parent->left == node) {
|
||||
parent->left = succ;
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
parent->right = succ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int succ_colour = RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(succ);
|
||||
succ->parent = node->parent; // copy both the parent and colour
|
||||
succ->left = node->left;
|
||||
rbtree_t *old_succ_right = succ->right;
|
||||
succ->right = node->right;
|
||||
|
||||
RBTREE_NODE_SET_PARENT(succ->left, succ);
|
||||
if (succ_parent != node)
|
||||
RBTREE_NODE_SET_PARENT(succ->right, succ);
|
||||
|
||||
// set the node in place
|
||||
if (succ_parent == node) {
|
||||
succ->right = node;
|
||||
node->parent = RBTREE_CONSTRUCT_PARENT(succ, succ_colour);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
succ_parent->left = node;
|
||||
node->parent = RBTREE_CONSTRUCT_PARENT(succ_parent, succ_colour);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
node->left = NULL; // sucessor has no left
|
||||
node->right = old_succ_right;
|
||||
if (node->right)
|
||||
RBTREE_NODE_SET_PARENT(node->right, node);
|
||||
|
||||
// remove the node. this will not recurse again as the node will have only one child
|
||||
rbtree_remove(rbtreep, node);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void rbtree_print(rbtree_t *rbtree, rbtree_print_fn_t print_fn) {
|
||||
if (rbtree == NULL)
|
||||
return;
|
||||
|
||||
rbtree_t *parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(rbtree);
|
||||
rbtree_t *node = rbtree;
|
||||
int depth = 0;
|
||||
int last_direction = 0; // 1 = left, 2 = right
|
||||
int going_up = 0;
|
||||
for (;;) {
|
||||
int node_colour = RBTREE_NODE_GET_COLOUR(node);
|
||||
|
||||
if (node_colour == RBTREE_COLOUR_RED) {
|
||||
printf("\e[31m");
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
printf("\e[90m");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (node && going_up == 0) {
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < depth; ++i) {
|
||||
printf(" ");
|
||||
}
|
||||
print_fn(node);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
printf("\e[0m");
|
||||
|
||||
if (node && going_up == 0 && parent != RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node)) {
|
||||
printf("bad parent:");
|
||||
printf("expected: ");
|
||||
print_fn(parent);
|
||||
printf("got: ");
|
||||
print_fn(RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node));
|
||||
__assert(!"Bad parent");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (node == NULL) {
|
||||
__assert(going_up == 0);
|
||||
// this is a NULL node, do nescessary checks and go up
|
||||
|
||||
node = parent;
|
||||
parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(node);
|
||||
going_up = 1;
|
||||
--depth;
|
||||
} else if (going_up && last_direction == 1) {
|
||||
// we have gone up from the left node
|
||||
// go to the right
|
||||
last_direction = 2;
|
||||
parent = node;
|
||||
node = node->right;
|
||||
going_up = 0;
|
||||
++depth;
|
||||
} else if (going_up && last_direction == 2) {
|
||||
// we have gone up from the right
|
||||
// go up again
|
||||
if (parent == NULL)
|
||||
break; // end of tree
|
||||
|
||||
last_direction = parent->left == node ? 1 : 2;
|
||||
node = parent;
|
||||
parent = RBTREE_NODE_GET_PARENT(parent);
|
||||
--depth;
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
// we have gone down, go to the left
|
||||
last_direction = 1;
|
||||
parent = node;
|
||||
node = node->left;
|
||||
++depth;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user